In September, BBC World deployed the Cavena STU (Subtitle Transmission Unit) for Japanese subtitling through Television Translation Ltd (”TTL”). The BBC World broadcast is up-linked from the UK, received in Japan, converted to 525/30 and Japanese subtitles are inserted as the program is re-transmitted. The customized Cavena/TTL solution allows for synchronisation of subtitles without the need for timecode in the transmission chain.